Kunoza Igishushanyo Cyibice Byurupapuro - Amabwiriza yo Gushushanya Ibyuma
Bigereranijwe igihe cyo gusoma: iminota 9, amasegonda 48.
Mugushushanya ibice byibicuruzwa, ni ngombwa gutekereza kuborohereza gukora.Gerageza gutekereza uburyo bwo koroshya gutunganya, ariko kandi uzigame ibikoresho, kandi wongere imbaraga udafite ibisakuzo.Nkigisubizo, abashushanya bagomba kwitondera ibintu bikurikira byo gukora
Urupapuro rw'icyuma 'machinability' bivuga urwego rugoye rwo gukata, kunama no kurambura ibice.Inzira nziza igomba kwemezaimikoreshereze mike yibikoresho, umubare muto wibikorwa, igishushanyo cyoroshye cyibumba, ubuzima burebure hamwe nubwiza bwibicuruzwa bihamye.Muri rusange, ingaruka zikomeye kumikorere yibice byicyuma ni imikorere yibikoresho, igice cya geometrike, ingano nibisabwa neza.
Nigute ushobora gusuzuma neza ibisabwa nibiranga inzira yo gutunganya mugihe utegura imiterere yibikoresho bito bito, amabwiriza menshi yo gushushanya arasabwa hano.
Amabwiriza 1 yoroshye ya geometrie
Imiterere ya geometrike yoroshye yo gukata hejuru, biroroshye kandi byoroshye kugabanya, inzira ngufi yo guca, kandi ntoya yo kugabanya.Kurugero,umurongo ugororotse uroroshye kuruta umurongo, uruziga rworoshe kuruta ellipse nizindi ntera zohejuru, kandi imiterere isanzwe iroroshye kuruta imiterere idasanzwe(reba Ishusho 1).
(a) Imiterere idahwitse (b) Imiterere inoze
(Ishusho 1)
Imiterere yishusho ya 2a irumvikana cyane iyo ingano ari nini;bitabaye ibyo, iyo gukubita, gukata biragoye;kubwibyo, imiterere yerekanwe mumashusho.2b irakwiriye kubyara umusaruro muto.
(a) Imiterere idahwitse (b) Imiterere inoze
2 Ishusho 2）
2 Amabwiriza yo kuzigama ibikoresho (umurongo ngenderwaho wo gukubita no gukata ibice)
Kuzigama ibikoresho bibisi bisobanura kugabanya ibiciro byinganda.Ibisigazwa byo gukata akenshi bijugunywa nkibikoresho byimyanda, kuburyo mugushushanya ibice bito,kugabanuka bigomba kugabanywa.Gukubita byanze bikagabanywa kugirango ugabanye imyanda.Cyane cyane mubunini bwibigize binini munsi yingirakamaro yibintu ni ngombwa, gabanya kugabanuka muburyo bukurikira:
1) Kugabanya intera iri hagati yabanyamuryango babiri baturanye (reba Ishusho 3).
(a) Imiterere idahwitse (b) Imiterere inoze
3 Ishusho 3）
2) Gutunganya ubuhanga (reba Ishusho 4).
(a) Imiterere idahwitse (b) Imiterere inoze
4 Ishusho ya 4）
3) Gukuraho ibintu ku ndege nini kubintu bito
(a) Imiterere idahwitse (b) Imiterere inoze
（Igicapo 5）
3 Amabwiriza ahagije yo gukomera
1) impande zigoramye hamwe nuruhande rugomba kwirinda ahantu hahinduwe
(Isanamu 6)
2) niba intera iri hagati yimyobo yombi ari nto cyane, haribishoboka gucika mugihe cyo gutema.
Igishushanyo cyagukubita umwobo kuruhande bigomba gufatwa nkibisiga intera ikwiye kandi ikagira intera kugirango wirinde gukubita.Intera ntarengwa hagati yuruhande rwumwobo no kumiterere yigice bigarukira kumiterere itandukanye yigice nu mwobo.Iyo inkombe yumwobo idahuye nu mpande zishusho yikigice, intera ntoya ntigomba kuba munsi yubunini bwibintu t;mugihe kibangikanye, ntigomba kuba munsi ya 1.5 t.Intera ntarengwa yumwobo nu ntera igaragara mu mbonerahamwe.
(Isanamu 7)
Uwitekaumwobo uzengurutse nicyo gikomeye kandi cyoroshye gukora no kubungabunga, kandi igipimo cyo gufungura ni gito.Umwobo wa kare ufite igipimo kinini cyo gufungura, ariko kubera ko ari inguni ya dogere 90, impande zinguni ziroroshye kwambarwa no gusenyuka, bigatuma ifu isanwa kandi ihagarika umurongo wibyakozwe.Kandi umwobo wa mpande esheshatu ufungura inguni ya dogere 120 irenga dogere 90 kurenza umwobo wa kare ufungura cyane, ariko igipimo cyo gufungura kumpera kurenza umwobo wa kare ni gito.
3) ibice binini kandi birebire bifite ubukana buke nabyo biroroshye kubyara ibice mugihe cyo gutema, cyane cyane kwambara cyane kubikoresho.
Ubujyakuzimu n'ubugari by'igice gisohoka cyangwa cyasubiwemo igice cyo gukubita, muri rusange, ntigomba kuba munsi ya 1.5t (t ni umubyimba wibintu), kandi igomba no kwirinda guca bugufi kandi ndende hamwe na shobuja nini cyane kugirango byiyongere imbaraga zuruhande rwigice cyurupfu.Reba Ishusho (8).
Ku byuma rusange A ≥ 1.5t;ku byuma bivangavanze A ≥ 2t;kumuringa, aluminium A ≥ 1.2t;t - ubunini bwibikoresho.
Igishushanyo (8)
4 Amabwiriza yizewe yo gukubita
Igishushanyo 9a cyerekanwe muriigice cyizengurutsa tangent imiterere yo gukubita biragoye.Kuberako bisaba kumenya neza umwanya ugereranije hagati yigikoresho nakazi.Ibipimo nyabyo byerekana umwanya ntabwo bitwara igihe gusa, ariko cyane cyane, igikoresho gishobora kwambara no gushiraho amakosa, ubusanzwe ntabwo bugera kubyo bisabwa cyane.Iyo imiterere nkiyi itandukanijwe gato no gutunganya, ubuziranenge buragoye kubyemeza kandi gukata kugaragara ni bibi.Kubwibyo, imiterere yerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 9b igomba gukoreshwa, ishobora kwemeza ubwiza bwo gutunganya neza.
(a) Imiterere idahwitse (b) Imiterere inoze
（Igicapo 9）
5 Irinde amabwiriza yicyuma (amabwiriza yimiterere yibice byinjira)
Hagati yibigize gukubita no gukata bizagaragara ikibazo cyibikoresho hamwe nibice bihuza.Igisubizo:(1) gusiga ahantu runaka;(2) gukata ubuso buhujwe(reba Ishusho ya 10 na Ishusho 11).
(a) Imiterere idahwitse (b) Imiterere inoze (a) Imiterere idahwitse (b) Imiterere inoze
10 Ishusho10） （Ishusho11）
Iyo ikibero gikozwe muburyo bwo gukubita no gukata kugeza kuri 90 ° yunamye, guhitamo ibikoresho bigomba kwitondera ibikoresho ntibigomba kuba bigoye cyane, bitabaye ibyo biroroshye kumeneka kuruhande rwiburyo.Bikwiye gushushanywa mumwanya wibigoramye bigenda byaciwe kugirango wirinde guturika kumpera yubugingo.
(Isanamu12)
6 kugoreka impande zihagaritse guca hejuru yubuyobozi
Urupapuro muburyo bwo gukata nyuma yuburyo rusange bwo gukora, nko kunama.Impande zigoramye zigomba kuba perpendikulari hejuru yo gukata, bitabaye ibyo ibyago byo guturika ku masangano byiyongera.Niba ibyerekezo bihagaritse bidashobora kubahirizwa kubera izindi mbogamizi,gukata hejuru no guhuza impande zigoramye bigomba kuba byateguwe, radiyo irenze inshuro ebyiri ubugari bwisahani.
7 Amabwiriza yo kugonda yitonze
Kwunama cyane bisaba ibikoresho byihariye, nigiciro kinini.Byongeye kandi, ntoya cyane radiyo igoramye ikunda guturika no gukuna mumaso yimbere (reba Ishusho ya 13 na 14).
(a) Imiterere idahwitse (b) Imiterere inoze
Igishusho13）
(a) Imiterere idahwitse (b) Imiterere inoze
14 Igicapo14）
8Amabwiriza yo kwirinda uruziga ruto ruzunguruka
Impande z'ibisahani binini bikunze kuzunguruka impande zubatswe, zifite inyungu nyinshi.(1) gushimangira gukomera;(2) irinde impande zikarishye;(3) mwiza.Nyamara, impande yazengurutse igomba kwitondera ingingo ebyiri, imwe ni radiyo igomba kuba irenze inshuro 1.5 ubugari bwisahani;icya kabiri ntabwo kizengurutse rwose, kuburyo gutunganya biragoye, Igicapo 15b cerekana uruziga ruzengurutse kurenza uruziga ruzengurutse byoroshye gutunganya.
(a) Imiterere idahwitse (b) Imiterere inoze
（Igicapo15）
9 Ahantu hahanamye ntabwo hunamye umurongo ngenderwaho
Impande zunamye nu mwobo wo gutandukanya gutandukana nintera runaka, agaciro gasabwa ni radiyo yunamye wongeyeho inshuro ebyiri ubugari bwurukuta.Agace kagoramye karagoye na leta yingufu, kandi imbaraga ni nke.Ingaruka ntoya yumwobo igomba no gukurwa muri kariya gace.Byombi umwobo wose utandukanijwe nu mpande zunamye, ariko kandi umwobo wibibanza hejuru yunamye (reba Ishusho 16).
(a) Imiterere idahwitse (b) Imiterere inoze
16 Igishusho16）
10 Imiterere igoye ihuza amabwiriza yo gukora
Imiterere yumwanya ni ibintu bigoye cyane, muburyo bwo kugonda biragoye.Kubwibyo,gerageza gushushanya imiterere yoroshye ishoboka, mugihe cyibintu bitagoranye, biboneka guhuza ibice, ni ukuvuga, umubare wibintu byoroheje byoroshye bya plaque hamwe na welding, bolting nubundi buryo bwo guhuriza hamwe.Imiterere yishusho ya 20b yoroshye kuyitunganya kuruta imiterere ya shusho 17a.
(a) Imiterere idahwitse (b) Imiterere inoze
（Igishusho17）
Irinde imirongo igororotse kugirango winjire mu bice bigize ibice
Imiterere yisahani yoroheje ifite imbogamizi zuburyo bubi bwo kugoreka.Imiterere nini iroroshye byoroshye kugoreka ihungabana.Ibindi bizanavunika.Mubisanzwe ukoreshe igitutu kugirango utezimbere.Gahunda ya groove ifite uruhare runini ku ngaruka zo kunangira gukomera.Ihame ryibanze rya gahunda ya groove ni ukwirinda guhita unyura muri ako gace udafite ibinono.Igice kigufi cyo gukomera gukomeye biroroshye guhinduka umurongo wa inertia ya plaque yose ihungabana.Ihungabana rihora rizenguruka ku murongo wa inertia, kubwibyo, gutondekanya igitutu cyumuvuduko bigomba guca iyi axe ya inertia kandi ikabikora bigufi bishoboka.Mu miterere yerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 18a, imirongo myinshi ifunganye ikorwa muri ako gace idafite aho ihurira.Hafi yaya mashoka, gukomera kwisahani yose ntabwo byateye imbere.Imiterere yerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 18b nta bushobozi ifitanye isano ihungabanya ishoka ya inertia, kandi igishushanyo cya 19 cyerekana imiterere rusange ya groove na gahunda, hamwe ningaruka zo kongera imbaraga ziyongera kuva ibumoso ugana iburyo, kandi gahunda idasanzwe nuburyo bwiza bwo kwirinda kunyuramo .
(a) Imiterere idahwitse (b) Imiterere inoze
18 Igicapo18）
（Igicapo19）
12 Amabwiriza agenga igitutu gikomeza gahunda
Imbaraga z'umunaniro ziherezo ryumuvuduko wumuvuduko urakomeye, kandi niba igitutu cyumuvuduko gihujwe, igice cyacyo kizarangira.Igishushanyo cya 20 ni agasanduku ka batiri ku gikamyo, gaterwa n'umutwaro uremereye, Igishushanyo cya 20a muburyo bwumuvuduko ukabije wangiza umunaniro.Imiterere iri mu gishushanyo cya 20b ntabwo ifite iki kibazo.Impera zumuvuduko ukabije zigomba kwirindwa kandi, aho bishoboka, igitutu cyumuvuduko kigera kumupaka (reba Ishusho 21).Kwinjira kwumuvuduko ukuraho impera idakomeye.Ariko, ihuriro ryibice byumuvuduko bigomba kuba binini bihagije kugirango imikoranire hagati yibice igabanuke (reba Ishusho 22).
(a) Imiterere idahwitse (b) Imiterere inoze
（Igicapo20）
(a) Imiterere idahwitse (b) Imiterere inoze
21 Igicapo21）
(a) Imiterere idahwitse (b) Imiterere inoze
22 Igicapo22）
13 Igipimo cyumuvuduko wikibanza
Ihungabana ryimiterere yimiterere ntigarukira gusa kumurongo runaka, kubwibyo, gushyiraho igitutu cyumuvuduko umwe gusa indege ntishobora kugera ku ngaruka zo kunoza ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ihungabana ryimiterere yose.Kurugero, muburyo bwa U- na Z bwerekanwe mubishusho 23, ihungabana ryabo rizaba hafi yinkombe.Igisubizo cyiki kibazo ni ugushushanya igitutu cyumwanya nkumwanya (reba ishusho ya 23b.)
(a) Imiterere idahwitse (b) Imiterere inoze
23 Igishusho23）
14 Amabwiriza yo gutinda igice
Iminkanyari ibaho mugihe ihindagurika ryigice kibujijwe cyane ku isahani yoroheje.Igisubizo nugushiraho uduce twinshi twumuvuduko hafi yigitereko, kugirango ugabanye ubukana bwaho kandi ugabanye inzitizi (reba Ishusho 24).
(a) Imiterere idahwitse (b) Imiterere inoze
（Igicapo 24）
15 Amabwiriza yimiterere yo gukubita ibice
1) Ntarengwa byibura diameter cyangwa uburebure bwuruhande rwuburebure bwa kare
Gukubita bigomba kugarukira ku mbaraga zo gukubita, kandiingano ya punch ntigomba kuba nto cyane, bitabaye ibyo punch izangirika byoroshye.Ntarengwa ya diameter yo gukubita hamwe nuburebure bwuruhande rwerekanwe kumeza.
* t nubunini bwibintu, ingano ntoya ya punch muri rusange ntabwo iri munsi ya 0.3mm.
2) Gukubita ihame
Gukubita inshyi bigomba kugerageza kwirinda inguni zikarishye, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo.Ifishi yerekanwe iroroshye kugabanya ubuzima bwa serivisi yo gupfa, kandi inguni ityaye iroroshye kubyara ibice.Bikwiye guhinduka nkuko bigaragara mumashusho b.
R ≥ 0.5t (t - uburebure bwibintu)
Igishushanyo b.
Inguni zikarishye zigomba kwirindwa mumiterere no kurambirwa igice cyakubiswe.Kwihuza kumurongo ugororotse cyangwa umurongo kugirango ugire uruziga ruzengurutse, radiyo ya arc R ≥ 0.5t.(t ni uburebure bw'urukuta rw'ibikoresho)
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